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SPINY BOLLWORMS Earias insulana Boisduval, E. fabia
Stoll, E. cupreoviridis Walker,
E. huegeli Rogenhofer, E.
vitella (Fab.), etc. -- Family: Lepidoptera, Arctiidae (Contacts) ----- CLICK on Photo to enlarge &
search for Subject Matter with Ctrl/F. GO TO ALL: Bio-Control Cases The genus Earias, spiny or spotted
bollworms, is a group of Palearctic, Ethiopian, Asiatic and Australasian
pests that can cause extensive damage to cotton, Gossypium hirsutum. The origin of this group covers a greater
geographical range than Pectinophora
gossypiella, but some
species in both genera are coincident in cotton producing areas outside of
the Western Hemisphere. However,
developmental stages of Earias
are relatively more exposed on the plant than with Pectinophora, making them more vulnerable to attack by
predators and nonspecialized parasitoids.
Thus far Earias is
absent from the Nearctic and Neotropical regions. Species studied
include Earias bipalaga Walker, E. chlorana (L.), E.
cupreoviridis Walker, E. fabia Stoll, E.
huegeli Rogenhofer, E.
insulana Boisduval, E. vernana (Hübner), & E. vittella
Fab. Parasites
& Predators Parasitism of spiny
bollworms is heavy in northwestern Australia and at times in India. Because of interference with insecticidal
sprays in commercial cotton, it is not absolutely possible to determine if
natural enemies would reduce abundance of these pests to economically
acceptable levels. However, Stam
& Elmosa (1990) in Syria showed that predator numbers were significantly
reduced with insecticide applications followed by significant increases in
bollworm populations. They also
reported that parasitoids were not important for the control of lepidopterous
pests in cotton. The high activity of
parasitoids in northwestern Australia (Legner & Altmann, unpub. data)
suggests that classical biological control attempts be made. Maximum parasitism
in India reported by Sekhon & Varma (1983) were as follows: egg attacking parasitoids: Trichogramma
achaeae Nagaraja &
Nagarkatti (61%), Trichogramma
chilonis Ichii (15%), Trichogrammatoidea sp. nr. guamensis Nagaraja (MS) 42%,
larval parasitoids, Bracon greeni Ashmead <5%, Rogas sp. 13%, Elasmus johnstoni Ferrière 0.43%, and pupal parasitoid Brachymeria nephantidis Gahan 57%. Other parasitoids reported from India
include egg-attacking Chelonus
heliopae Patel,
larva-attacking Rogas kampurensis Mani, and Strobliomyia nana (Curr.), Actia aegyptia Vill., Bracon
brevicornis Wesmael, Centrochalcis sp., Chelonus rufus Lyle, Rogas
testaceus Spinola, Phanerotoma hendecasisella Cameron, and
pupa-attacking Goryphus nursei (Cameron), Brachymeria tachardiae Cameron, Brachymeria responsator Walk and Brachymeria sp.. In Pakistan, the pupal parasitoid Brachymeria bicolorata Khokhar et al. and
the larval parasitoids Elasmus
orientalis Khokhar et al.
and E. dorsalis Khokhar et al. are known. In Uganda the parasitoids Apanteles diparopsidis Lyle, Agathis
aciculata (Brues), Rogas sp., Netelia sp. and Trichogramma
sp. have been reared on Earias. In Taiwan Brachymeria obscurata
(Walker) was reared from Earias
pupae. In Syria Bracon brevicornis
Wesm. is highly active, while in Iran Bracon
lefroyi (D. & G.) is
most active. Kashyap & Verma
(1987) summarized the following parasitoids, predators and pathogens
attacking Earias spp. naturally
throughout their distribution range: \ Egg Parasitoids: Erythemelus sp., Gonatocerus sp., Trichogramma achaeae, T. brasiliensis
Ashmead, T. chilonis Ishii, T. evenescens Westwood, Trichogramma
sp., Trichogrammatoidae bactgrae Nagaraja, Trichogrammatoidae sp. nr. guamensis Nagaraja and Trichogrammatoidae sp., Trichogrammatoidea lutea Gir. Egg-larval Parasitoids: Chelonus blackburni Cameron, C.
heliopae (Gupta). Larval Parasitoids: Actia
aegyptie Vill., A. hyalinata Mall., Actia
sp., Agathus aciculatus (Brues), Agathus sp., Apanteles spp., Bracon (Microbracon) brevicornis
(Wesmael), B. greeni (Ashm.) (lefroyi) (Dudgeon &
Geough), B. hebetor (Say), Bracon sp., Bassus spp., Brachymeria tenuicornis (Kieff), Chelonus blackburni Cameron, Chelonus
sp., Elasmus johnstoni Ferriere, Elasmus sp., Exorista spp., Microbracon gelechidiphagus, Prolodaspis spp., Rhogas aligarhensis Quadri, R.
lefroy Ashm., R. testaceous Grav., Rhogas
sp. nr. pallidater (Thnd.), Rhogas sp., Larval-pupal Parasitoids: Chrysis obliterata Moesary, Coryphnus
sp. Pupal Parasitoids: Brachymeria apantelesi, B. lasus, B.
responsonator (Walker), B. nephanttidis Gah., B.
tachaididae (Cameron), Brachymeria (Chalsis) spp., Chelonus rofus Lyle, Chelonus
spp., Centrochalcis spp., Chrysis habrobracon, Goryphus
(Melcha) nursei (Cameron), and Goryphus sp. Predators: Brumoides suturalis (F.), Geocoris
sp., Cartheconidea furcellata (Woeff), Eumenes petiolata, Menochilus
sexmaculatus and Phanerotoma hendecasisella. Fungi: Fusarium moniliformae var. subglutinams,
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